ฝากช๊อตโน๊ตหน่อย เสียดาย - -lll

เนื้อเรื่อง

Location

Asia located on the Earth’s crust that made up of both old rock & new rock

North-Arctic Ocean [border], Siberia in Russia

South-Indian Ocean [border], Roti Island in Timor [Smallest region]

East-Pacific Ocean [border], Dezhnev Cape in Russia [Biggest region]

West-Ural Mountain, Caspian Sea, Black Sea [border] lie between Europe and Asia-Baba Cape in Turkey. The joining point of Europe and Asia called “Eurasia”

Southwest-the border is connected to Africa so Europe, Asia and Africa are known as “The Old World”

-There are 11countries in Asia

Structure and Geography

There are 3 areas that were formed by old rock:

1 The Northern Siberian Plateau called “The Angara Shield”

2 The Arabian Plateau in Saudi Arabia

3 The Deccan Plateau in India

New rock areas were formed by the Earth’s crust that shifted and broke up. It is always shifting. New rock areas are formed by volcanoes and maybe the creation of Earthquakes. The new rock areas are:

1 the mountains in Turkey

2 the Armanian Plateau

3 the Elbush mountain in the northern Iran

4 the Hindugush in Africanistan

5 the Parme Plateau

6 the Himalaya mountain range

7 the Yunnan Plateau

8 the mountains in the western Burma

Asia can be divided into 5 geographical aspect:

- The Northern Lowland Zone

It is vast flat area in Russia that often called “Russian Lowland”. Not many people live there because most of the year, it is covered with ice. Ob and Yenisey Rivers that connected to Arctic Ocean are always covered with ice.

-The Central Mountainous Area and Plateau

It is a vast mountainous area that start from the mid-continent towards the northeast, the southeast and the west. The important mountain ranges is the Himalayas.

The central joining point that stretch toward the western joining point “Armenian Knot” is called “Pamir Knot”. “Armenian Knot” lies between Iran and Turkey. The southeastern joining point is “Yunnan Knot” situated in Monton Yunnan. The plateaus and the central mountains block the wind flowing to the Asian inner areas so there is not much rainfall in these inner areas. They became dry and deserts. The important deserts are Gobi in Mongolia and the Takalamakan in China.

-The Southern Plateau

It is an old rock plateau. There are Arabian Plateau on the Arabian Peninsula and the Deccan Plateau on the Indian Peninsula.

-The River Basins

It is not a vast area. It is the best area for growing plants and inhabiting. This zone is full of fertile soil. This zone can be divided in to 4 parts:

1 East-Hwang Ho, Yangzekiang, Zekiang

2 Southeast-Daeng, Kong, Chaophraya, Salaween, Irrawaddy

3 South-Kongka, Brahmaputra, Sinthu in India

4 Southwest-Tigris-Euphrates in Irag

-Volcanic Archipelagoes

There are a lot of both active and inactive volcanoes in Asia. All are located in Japan, Philippines and Indonesia. The famous volcanoes are the Krakatua in Indonesia and the Mount Fujiyama in Japan.

Climate and Flora Types

-Equatorial Zone

This zone covered southern Thailand. It rains all year round and is very hot in summer. The summer season doesn’t  very long, so Evergreen Forest exists in this zone.[ป่า​ไม่ผลั๸​ใบ]

-Tropical or Tropical Monsoon Zone

This zone is dominated by a humid, hot and dry weather. It rains in the summer and become very dry in the winter. A sparse forest exist in this zone[ป่าผลั๸​ใบ] .

-Temperate Zone

It is cooler than in the Tropical zone because of the influence from a monsoon in winter that blows a chill from inner area. The forest that shed their leaves during the winter are exist.

-Temperate Steppes

This zone covers Asia inner area. There isn’t much rainfall because of its far distance from seas. The flora is short grass. In the hottest month the temp. is about18-24 Degree Celsius and become under 0 Degree Celsius in winter.

-Desert

This zone is both in Tropical and Winter zone. The Tropical deserts occupy the Arabian and  the western Indian Peninsula such as Tar Desert. The Winter Deserts occupy the Tibet Plateau and the Gobi Desert. Short grass exists in this zone. Plants can’t grow easily except in an “Oasis”, the small area in desert that water and flora exist.

-Mediterranean

This zone occupies the western part of Asia. During summer it is very hot and dry and becomes warmer and rainy in winter. The flora types are the plants that aren’t shed its leaves such as Cedar.

-Semi-Arctic

This zone is very cold and snowy. It occupies Siberia in Russia. A Pinewood exists because there is enough moisture.

-Tundra

This zone occupies the northern part of Asia along the Arctic Ocean. It is very cold and snowy all year round. There no plant exists, except moss which can grow during summer.

Regional Division of Asia

1 East Asia was called “Far east” by Europeans because its located very far from Europe.

2 Southwest Asia was named by Europeans in the past as “Near East” or “Middle East”.

3 Southeast Asia was called as “Indochina”

4 South Asia was called “Sub-Continent” which had been used for many years

5 Central Asia refers to countries which became independent from the Old Soviet Union and became a new region in Asia.

Science

Food: - For growth & repair

        - For energy

        - To stay healthy

Nutrient: Chemical compounds in food, which can be used by the body.

6 types of nutrients: - Carbohydrates -– energy giving, organic

                            - Lipids - energy giving, organic    

                            - Proteins - energy giving, organic

                            - Vitamins –- non-energy giving, organic

                            - Minerals - non-energy giving, inorganic

                            - Water - non-energy giving, inorganic

Carbohydrates: - Give energy

                    - Store energy as glycogen

- Can be converting to other nutrient

- Part of DNA and RNA

Element: C, H, O   H: O = 2:1

Energy value: 17 kJ. /g or 4kcal. /g

Smallest unit: simple sugars

Types: - Monosaccharide [simple sugar]: Glucose

                                                      Fructose

                                                      Galactose

- Disaccharide [complex sugar]: Maltose = glucose + glucose

                                          Sucrose = glucose + fructose [table sugar]

                                          Lactose = glucose + galactose [milk sugar]

- Polysaccharide [many sugar units]: starch

                                                 glycogen

                                                 cellulose

starch>amylase>maltose>maltase>glucose + glucose

Lipid: - Give energy

- Store energy

- Insulate the body

- Part of cell membrane

- Absorb and transport fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E, K

Element: C, H, O   H: O not equal to 2:1

Energy value: 38 kJ. /g or 9kcal. /g

Smallest unit: glycerol & fatty acid

Types: - Saturates fat [Animal fat] –- single bonds between carbon

- Unsaturated fat [Plant fat} -– double bonds between some carbon

Lipid>lipase>fatty acid + glycerol

Protein: - Makes cells for growth & repair

           - Give energy, when no Carbohydrates or Lipids

- Part of important substances such as enzyme, antibody, and hormone

Element: C, H, O, N

Energy value: 17 kJ. /g or 4kcal. /g

Smallest unit: amino acid

Types: - Animal protein <<< first-class protein - all essential amino acid

- Plant protein <<< second-class protein –- not all essential amino acid

Total amino acid: 26 > 10 essential

> 16 not essential

Polypeptides>trypsin>peptone>erepsin>amino acid

Vitamin: - For chemical reaction in the body

- Help enzyme to work

Types: - water-soluble vitamin: B, C

- Fat-soluble vitamin: A, D, E, K

Mineral: - control functioning of organ

- Part of many different substances and organs

Types: - Macronutrient: needed in large amount

         - Micronutrient: needed in very small amount

Water: - needed for chemical reactions

- For transporting substances in the body

- cool down the body

- Part of protoplasm

Balanced diet:  - Age

                    - Work

- Gender

                    - Climate

Too much food: - obesity

- Heart disease

- High blood pressure

- Diabetes

- Cancer

- Gall bladder disease

Too little food: - Anorexia

- Marasmus

- Bulimia

Deficiency Disease: Vitamin A - Night blindness

                                     B1 - Beriberi

                                     B2 - angular stomatitis

                                     B12 - anemia    

                                     C - Scurvy, Muscle weakness

                                     D –- Rickets, bone softening

                                     E - Sterility

                                 K - Slow blood clotting

                Mineral Ca [calcium] - Rickets [young], osteoporosis [old]

                                P [phosphorus] - Poor bone formation

                           Fe [iron] - Anemia

                                 I [iodine] - Goiter [adult], cretinism [baby]

                           F [fluorine] - Dental decay

* Haemoglobin contain Fe

Test                                         result

Starch-Iodine test                  blue black

Sugar-benedict test               red brick

Protein-Biuret Test                violet

Lipid-greasy spot test            paper turns translucent

Lipid-emulsion test                water turns cloudy

Digestion: mouth>pharynx>esophagus/gullet>stomach>small intestine>large intestine>Rectum>anus

           Earth assignment

Earth’s crust changing can be occurred by human and natural. Human activities can cause changing of Earth’s crust such as build mine, cutting trees, build dams, build skyscrapers, build roads, destroyed water sources, make salt pan, use weapons that has much power and etc. For natural that cause changing of Earth’s crust are movement of Earth’s crust, earthquake, exploding of volcanoes, movement of mountains, eroding and etc.

So in this assignment we will explain about erosion  by water, chemical, wind, changing of temperature and the Earth’s gravity.

Erosion by water

Rivers are formed by rainwater from the atmosphere such as dew that flow from the higher places according to gravitate of the Earth. However, when it flows ‘erosion’ [process of wearing down surface materials and moving them from one place to another] occurs and makes geographical surface be rill then it will develop into gully and finally stream or river. Agents that make Earth crust change are many but the important agent that makes Earth crust change remarkable is water.   

Water in steams and rivers carry many sediments, which are small particles such as slid, fine sand and mud. When this water runs over the rocks it will scrape and wearing away the rocks. For a long time, this action of river water can cuts a channel into the land and finally develops as a valley. The shape of valley depends on how the river cuts into the land along which it is flowing.

In the upper course of river, the slopes are very steep so the water flows down very quickly and this can cause quick downward erosion. Over time, the river cuts deep into the land and forms V-shape valley that has very steep sides.

In the middle course of the river, the river flows across land that is not steep much so the river cut less deep into its channel. At this point, the river also starts to deposit some of its sediments. Thus, the side of valley become wider and makes it broader.

At last, when the river reaches the lower course and the land almost flat, the bends in river become very pronounced and more sediment is deposit. The deposition of sediments makes a formation of a wide, flat-floored valley. In the lower course of the river where the land is flat, the river forms curves and bends. This bends are called meander

                                    Meander

The deposit of sediment always on the opposite banks of the curve. As the river meander, the speed of water become faster along the outer curve of the river bends and slower along the inner curves. The higher speed of water at the outer curves can cause erosion but the slower speed at the inner curves will let the deposition of sediments carried by the river. Deposition of sediments occurs with the largest material deposited first, followed by smaller particles. Sediments can be carried as far to the river mouth.

                River like this can cause erosion

                                  Result from erosion

                                     Result from erosion

                                   Result from erosion

                                     Result from erosion

Sediment is accumulated in layers, which have different characteristics depending on the area, which the water currents flow. Water flow from high place and when it reaches a flat land, the river will widen and the speed of the water slows down so it cannot carry sediments anymore. The large sediment will be deposit first followed by the smaller, this deposit of sediments creates land with different shape such as fan-shaped, semi-circular, and this is known as alluvial fan.

Finally, the river flows into the sea. Any sediment it is carrying is deposited. The deposit makes the riverbed higher and can slow down the water flow. Over a long time, the sediments will be many and can be higher than water level so they can build up and area of flat land at the mouth of the river, called a delta.

Erosion by chemical

            In the atmosphere, have nitrous oxide, sulphur dioxide and carbon dioxide. When these gases mix and dissolve with rain, it may become acidic. Therefore, after rain, water is acidic which can erode the substances. When acidic water flows and seeps into cracks in the rock it will react with limestone or calcium carbonate and will became calcium hydrogen carbonate. When this solution drips down from cracks in the roof of a cave all the water will evaporate and remain lime sediment. After long period, sediment accumulates to forms tubes which is thickens to form solid stalactites on the ceiling of the cave. If this solution drops to the floor of the cave, water evaporate and remain lime sediment which accumulate for a long time again it will form stalagmites and may be it can meet stalactites, and then form a pillar.

Erosion by wind

            In the dry area which nothing cover the ground so wind can erosion the Earth’s surface. Result of wind erosion is three things.

1.      Because wind sweep all the land surfaces to another places so it makes the surfaces have shape like puddle in many sizes and deep from 1-2 meters to many, many kilometers. When it has ice in the puddle, it may be thaw and this puddle will change into a perfect basin, which called oasis.

2.      Because the scrape, when the rocks get scraped by the sand until the rocks have a hole and have many different shape.

3.      Because the wind current that sweep the sand from many places and when it accumulated, it will be a sand ridge.

Erosion by changing of temperature

Changing of temperature can makes rocks expand and contract. If the expanding of the rocks in the outer and inner layers are not the same it can make the rocks crack especially at the surface that often crack in tiny pieces and this kind of breakdown of rocks is called ‘mechanical weathering’. In cool countries, if water gets into the cracks in the rocks, the water will be freeze and turn into ice. Then rocks will be crack easily because the pressure of the ice. This process is called as ‘freeze-thaw’

Erosion by the Earth’s gravity

            The Earth has gravity that pulled everything down to the ground. In cold areas, the river can be frozen and on the mountains can have glaciers because of the weight of the snow layers that forms large heavy ice.

Earth’s gravity will try to pull down everything include the glacier. It might be move to the lower level. When glacier moves, it collides with rocks under it and plucks away small pieces of rocks from bedrock and wall rock. The debris will scrub and erode the surfaces over which the glaciers move. Erosion by glaciers are completely change the Earth’s surface.