For all=EIS=11 GraderS*10-11

ลำดับตอนที่ #6 : [[R.S.]]World History Test::Chapter 21 to 22::4.10.10

Review Sheet of World History for

Chapter 21to 22 Test* 4.Oct.2010

-          Know what absolutism is and the causes and effects of it

·         Absolutism is the political belief that one ruler should hold all of the power within the boundaries of a country.

·         The causes of absolutism

ð  Religious and territorial conflicts created fear and uncertainty

ð  The growth of armies to deal with conflicts caused rulers to raise taxes to pay troops

ð  Heavy taxes led to additional unrest and peasant revolts

·         The effects of absolutism

ð  Rulers regulated religious worship and social gatherings to control the spread of ideas

ð  Rulers increased the size of their courts to appear more powerful

ð  Rulers created bureaucracies to control their countries’ economies

-          Know the details of the edict of Nantes

·         The Edict of Nantes was the declaration of religious toleration that King Henry IV (Henry of Navarre) declared in 1598. Henry declared that the Huguenots could live in peace in France and set up their own houses of worship in some cities. Doing this heal France’s wounds.

-           Be able to identify the following people:

·         Henry IV (it’s IV not VI,, Sir said he typed it wrongly)

ð  Also known as Henry of Navarre

ð  Descended from king Louis IX

ð  For the sake of his war-weary country, he gave up from Protestantism and became a Catholic

ð  Was the first king of the Bourbon dynasty

ð  Declared the Edict of Nantes

ð  Devoted his reign to rebuilding France and its prosperity

·         Cardinal Richelieu

ð  A minister (regent) of Louis XIII

ð  Increased power of Bourbon monarchy (he created a strong monarchy)

ð  Weakened the nobles’ power

ð  Broke the power of Protestants by destroying walled cities and castles

ð  Used the middle class for government jobs because they were more royal

ð  Challenged Hapsburgs power by interviewing in Thirty Years War (he involved France in Thirty Years War to make France the strongest state in Europe)

·         Cardinal Mazarin

ð  Richelieu’s successor (ผู้สืบตำแหน่ง)

ð  Continued Richelieu’s policies

ð  Was hated by many people in France (esp. the nobles) because he increased taxes and strengthened the central government

·         Louis XIV

ð  Ruler of France

ð  Also known as the Sung King or the Boy King

ð  Took full control of power after Mazarin died in 1661

ð  Worked long hours to strengthen France

ð  Weakened the power of nobles by excluding them from his councils

ð  Increased the power of the government agents called intendants (who collected taxes and administered justice)

ð  Restored France economy via mercantilism

ð  Cripped France by fighting a series of losing wars and canceling the Edit of Nantes

ð  Was a builder of the Palace of Versailles

·         James II

ð  An English king who became king after Charles II died in 1685

ð  Was a pro-Catholics, which angered many

ð  When his young wife produced a heir, Parliament feared a renewed period of turmoil and removed king from power (His older daughter and her husband overthrew James – this is called Glorious Revolution)

·         Peter the Great

ð  Czar Peter I

ð  Became a sole ruler of Russia when he was 24 years old

ð  In 1697, he embarked on the “Grand Embassy,” a long visit to western Europe to learn about European customs and manufacturing techniques

ð  Started westernization (using western Europe as a model for change)

ð  Increased his powers as an absolute ruler to force change upon his state

ð  Set up a group called the Holy Synod to run the Church under his direction

ð  Reduced the power of great landowners and recruited men from lower-ranking families & promoted them positions or pieces of lands

ð  Imposed heavy taxes to pay for the huge army he made

ð  Started Russia’s first newspaper

ð  Raised women’s status

ð  Advanced education by opening school

ð  Established St. Petersburg

·         John Locke

ð  An English political thinkers of the 1600s

ð  His main idea: People have the natural abilities to govern themselves

ð  He believed that people are born free and equal, with natural rights of life, liberty, and property

ð  He also believed if government withholds those natural rights, people have the right to overthrow it

·         Voltaire

ð  Real name was Francois Marie Arouet (Voltaire was his pen name)

ð  Published more than 70 books of political essays, philosophy, and drama

ð  Was sent to prison twice (by the French court)

ð  Was exiled to England for more than two years after his second jail term

ð  His most famous quotes: “I do not agree with a word you say but will defend to the death your right to say it.” Which means you don’t have to agree with others but they have the right to say

·         Rousseau

ð  Full name was Jean Jacques Rousseau

ð  Was a son of poor Swiss watchmaker

ð  For him, a social contract was an agreement among free individuals to create a society and a government

ð  His famous quotes: “Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains.” Which means you were born free but as you grow up, you have more responsibilities that you need to take and you can’t escape from those things…they’re chain to you

·         Montesquieu

ð  Full name was Baron de Montesquieu

ð  Was an influential French writer

ð  His famous quote: “Power should be check to power” which means there should be separation of power, not only at one place in the government. This idea is called ‘checks and balances’

ð  He believed this separation of powers would keep any individual or group from gaining total control of the government

·         Copernicus

ð  Full name was Nicolaus Copernicus

ð  Was a Polish cleric and astronomer

ð  Came up with heliocentric theory (sun-centered) in 1500s but still didn’t completely explain why the planets orbited the way they did

ð  Didn’t publish his findings until 1543, the last year of his life (because he feared persecution from Church). He received a copy of his book, On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Bodies, on his deathbed.

·         Kepler

ð  Full name was Johannes Kepler

ð  Was Tycho Brahe’s follower (and helper); he continued Brahe’s work after Brahe death in 1601

ð  He discovered that the planets revolve around the sun in elliptical orbits rather than circles and he proved mathematically to the heliocentric theory

·         Galileo

ð  Full name was Galileo Galilei

ð  Was an Italian scientist

ð  Built his own telescope in 1609

ð  Discovered law of motion and also he discovered all objects fall at the same speed

ð  Supported heliocentric theory, which angered the Catholic Church

ð  Stood trial before the Inquisition (Church court) in 1633, where he signed a confession claiming Copernicus’s ideas were false

ð  Lived under house arrest until he died in 1642

·         Newton

ð  Full name was Isaac Newton

ð  Was an English scientist

ð  Developed the law of gravity, which states that every object in the universe attracts every other object…the degree of attraction depends on the mass of the objects and the distance between them

ð  Published a work called The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy in 1687 (it was one of the most important scientific books ever written)

ð  Described the universe as a giant clock which its parts all work together perfectly in ways that could be express mathematically

·         Bacon

ð  Full name was Francis Bacon

ð  Was an English statesman and writer (had passionate interest in science)

ð  Urged scientists to use experiment, such as the scientific method (a logical procedure for gathering and testing data, and draw conclusions rather than relying only on the ancient ideas

·         Descartes

ð  Full name was René Descartes

ð  A mathematician who believed everything should be doubted until proven by reason

ð  The only thing he knew for certain was that he existed….I think, therefore I am…

·         Thomas Hobbes

ð  An English political thinkers of 1600s

ð  His main idea: People need a strong government to keep order

ð  His Social Contract Theory stated that people define and limit their own rights in order to create a strong governments and an organized society

·         Mary Wollstonecraft

ð  Published an essay called A Vindication of the Rights of Woman in 1792

ð  Believed woman’s education was necessary for them to become virtuous and better mothers. Also believed women could be doctors AND participate in politics

·         Boyars

ð  Russia’s landowning nobles

ð  Fought to control the young Ivan (Ivan IV or Ivan the Terrible who was the first caezar)

ð  Were accused by Ivan that they poisoned Anastasia, Ivan’s wife

ð  A lot of them were executed by Ivan. Ivan seized the boyars’ estates and gave them a new class of nobles, who had to remain loyal to him or lose their land

-          Be able to describe the following (include why it was important)

·         Glorious Revolution

ð  Happened in 1688

ð  This is the bloodless overthrow of King James II by his own older daughter, Mary, and her husband, William of Orange (cute name > <!).

ð  King James II was a Catholics so the Parliament invited William and Mary to overthrow James for the sake of Protestantism. When William led his army to London, James fled to France

ð  Led to limited monarchy in England

·         Seven Years War

ð  Lasted from 1756 to 1763

ð  A conflict in Europe, North America, and India, in which the forces of Britain and Prussia battled those of Austria, France, Russia, and other countries

ð  British won this war over France

ð  France lost its colonies in North America whole Britain gained sole economic domination of India

·         Thirty Years War

ð  A conflict over religion and territory and for power among European ruling families (Ferdinand II was the beginning of the war)

ð  Lasted from 1618 to 1648

ð  The war was divided into 2 main phases: the phase of Hapsburg triumphs and the phase of Hapsburg defeats.

ð  First 12 years,, Hapsburg (Catholics) defeated German Protestants

Next, Protestant Sweden defeated Hapsburg

France helped German and Sweden fought Hapsburg (although both France and Hapsburg were Catholics, France was afraid that Hapsburg would be stronger than them)

ð  Peace of Westphalia (1648) ended the war,, many cities were destroyed

·         Federal System

ð  A system of government in which power is divided between a central authority and a number of individual states

·         Constitutional Monarchy

ð  A system of government in which the ruler’s power is limited by law

·         Scientific Revolution

ð  A major change in European thought, starting in the mid-1500s, in which the study of the natural world began to be characterized by careful observation and the questioning of accepted beliefs

·         Enlightenment (include causes and results)

ð  A new intellectual movement that stressed reason and thought and the power of individuals to solve problems. Known also as the Age of Reason

ð  Reached its height in the mid-1700s and brought great change to many aspects of Western civilization

ð  Thinkers tried to apply reason and the scientific method to all aspects of society

ð  The causes of Enlightenment [[NOT SURE ABOUT THIS]]

~ Scholars and philosophers began to reevaluate old notions about other aspects of society in the wake of Scientific Revolution. They sought new insight to the underlying beliefs and this led to Enlightenment

ð  The results of Enlightenment [[NOT SURE ABOUT THIS EVEN MORE =_=]]

~ People began to use reason, thought, and the power of individuals to solve the problems.

~ The Enlightenment was the start of democracy and also the start of science in this world. It is the root of the technical and scientific world we see today. It was a contributing factor in the American and French Revolutions. Enlightenment thinking reflected in the U. S. Declaration of Independence. European thought became centered on the belief in reason, science, individual rights, and the progress of civilization. [[I GOT THIS ONE FROM THE INTERNET]]

·         Social Contract

ð  The agreement by which people define and limit their individual rights, thus creating an organized society of government

ð  In general, people had to hand over their rights to a strong ruler and gained law and order in exchange

·         Salons

ð  A social gathering of intellectuals and artists, like those held in the homes of wealthy women in Paris and other European cities during the Enlightenment

ð  At these events, philosophers, writers, artists, scientists, and other great intellects met to discuss ideas

ð  It was one of the way how Enlightenment spread

·         Heliocentric Theory

ð  Sun-centered view of universe

ð  The idea came from Copernicus

·         Geocentric Theory

ð  Earth-centered view of the universe

ð  The idea came from Aristotle, the Greek philosopher (in 4^th century B.C.)

ð  Earth was a special place on which the great drama of life unfolded

·         Scientific Method

ð  A logical procedure for gathering and testing data; experiments and observation are used to test hypothesis

ð  Developed from Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo

·         Divine Right

ð  The idea that God created the monarchy and that the monarch acted as God’s representative on Earth.

ð  It is believed by Absolute rulers

·         Inflation

ð  A decline in the value of money, accompanied by a rise in the prices of goods and services

ð  Happened in Spain during the time of Philip II

~ Philip II brought in too much gold from America so, value of it dropped

~ The cause of inflation in Spain include: Spain’s growing population, flooding of silver bullion in the market, lost of many artisans and business people when Spain expelled the Jews and Moors, nobles who didn’t have to pay taxes while lower-ranking classes had to, Spain imported too much of what they needed from France, England, and Netherlands, Spain borrowed money from German and Italian bankers, ETC. !

-          Describe Westernization and who was involved in this process [[I’M NOT SURE ABOUT THE ANSWER .. SORRY IF IT’S WRONG T_T]]

·         Westernization is an adoption of the social, political, or economic institutions of Western – especially European or American – countries

·         It was Peter the Great goal to westernize Russia, using western Europe as a model for change. He saw it as a way of to make Russia stronger

·         People who were involved in this process were Peter the great (ruler of Russia), and Western Europeans

-          Know and be able to describe the Palace of Versailles

·         The Palace of Versailles proved Louise XIV’s absolute power.

·         It cost an estimated $2.5 billion in 2003 dollars

·         36,000 laborers and 6,000 horses were forced to work on the project

·         Originally, Versailles was built with 5,000 acres of gardens, lawns, and woods; it contained 1,400 fountains

·         The palace itself stretched for a distance of about 500 yards

·         Hall of Mirrors is the most beautiful room in the palace. Inside it were 17 tall mirrors, 17 windows that open onto gardens on the opposite wall, statues along the hall, crystal chandeliers, and a painted ceiling

·         The Palace’s rich decoration and furnishings clearly showed Louis’s wealth and power to everyone who came to the palace

-          Know the reason for a system of checks and balances in government

·         This idea was invented by Montesquieu

·         The separation of power would keep any individual or group from gaining total control of the government.

·         Power should be divided among different branches so that each branch could check the work (and power) of the other branch

·         For example, Americas established three separate branches – legislative, executive, and judicial…with each branch checking the actions of the other two.

-          Know what influenced the American Revolution (be specific) [[I’M NOT SURE ABOUT THIS ALSO]]

·         The Enlightenment Idea impact American Revolution on

ð  Declaration of Independence: Written by Thomas Jefferson and based on John Locke’s argument for natural rights (Enlightenment was a fundamental to U.S. Declaration of Independence)

ð  Bill of Rights: First 10 Amendments to the Constitution guaranteeing basic freedoms of religion, speech, etc. (Enlightenment guaranteed in U.S. Bill of Rights)

ð  Federal System of Government:

~ Check and balances: ensures that no one branch of government gains too much power

~ Federal system: power divided between the national and state governments

ESSAY

What is the difference between Absolute Monarch in Europe

and government system in England?

***you need to write about 1-2 paragraph(s) only …

I’ll just give you the brief idea of the answer na, you work on it by yourself***

·         England was the only limited monarchy (or what we called constitutional monarchy) in Europe when the surrounding European were absolute monarchy

·         Absolute monarch:

ð  believed in Divine Right

ð  have full authority and power (can do whatever they want without consulting others)

·         Limited monarch:

ð  Don’t have full authority and power (need to consult with Parliament before doing sth)

ð  Govern the country with Parliament as partner

PLEASE READ THIS!!

I made this RS because many, many, many people were asking for it

It took me 2 days !! T[]T

Sorry for the very, very long answers … I just want to give you the whole things so that you would understand…. you can summarize it your own way too

And some questions,, I’m not really sure about the answers so,

try to find your own answer(s) to make sure as well

Thank you to Nan, Bindia, Fang, and Pro for helping me answer some questions


DOWNLOAD LINK
http://www.mediafire.com/?736gvrj20o3efy1


i almost FREAK OUT doing this rs TT^TT