For all=EIS=9 GraderS*08-09

ลำดับตอนที่ #2 : [[R.S.]]Grammar Test::about Pronouns::24.9.08

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Review Sheet for

Grammar Test* 24.Sep.08

Pronouns

A pronoun is a word used in place of a noun or another pronoun.

Personal pronouns take different forms depending on how they are used in sentences. The form of a pronoun is called its case.

There are three pronouns cases :: nominative, objective, and possessive.

Nominative and Objective Cases

-          Nominative Case = Personal pronouns that functions as subjects or as predicate nominatives.

·         Ex. I like doing the review sheets. It is fun !! -_____- [[I & it are subjects]]

      Memian and she are in the same class. [[she – compound subject]]

-          A predicate pronoun also takes the nominative case. [[it follows a linking verbs and renames the subject of the sentence]]

·         Ex. It was she who did all the review sheet [[she – predicate pronoun]]

Nominative Pronoun Forms
	1st Person	2nd Person	3rd Person
Singular	I	You	He, she, it
Plural	We	You	They

-          Objective Case = Personal pronouns that functions as directs & indirect objects, or the objects of prepositions.

·         Ex. Oranas the inertia, MeMian’s friend, helped her. [[her – direct object]]

Oranas gave her something. [[her – indirect object]]

Most of MeMian’s friends are nice to her. [[her – object of preposition]]

-          Also use the objective case of the pronoun when it’s part of a compound object construction.

·         Ex. Oranas gives the flower to both Mike and her.

[[Mike and her – compound  subject preposition]]

Objective Pronoun Forms
	1st Person	2nd Person	3rd Person
Singular	Me	You	Him, her, it
Plural	Us	You	Them

Possessive Cases

-          Possessive Case = Personal pronouns that show ownership or relationship.

Possessive Pronouns
	1st Person	2nd Person	3rd Person
Singular	My, mine	Your, yours	Him, her, hers, its
Plural	Our, ours	Your, yours	Their, theirs

-          Possessive pronouns can be used in two ways …

1.      They can be used in place of noun [[& can function as a subject/object]]

·         Ex. I need a book on MeMian myths.

Can I borrow yours? Mine is at home.

[[yours – direct object & mine – subject]]

2.      They can be used to modify a noun or a gerund [[& comes before the noun/gerund it modifies]]

·         Ex. We learned her history through our reading.

[[her history – noun & our reading – gerund]]

-          Don’t use a possessive pronoun with a participle.

·         Ex. Our friend watched us reading books.

Using ‘Who’ and ‘Whom’

-          The case of the pronoun who is determined by the function of the pronoun in the sentence.

Forms of Who and Whoever
Nominative	Who, whoever
Objective	Whom, whomever
Possessive	Whose, whosever

-          Who is in the nominative form of the pronoun.

In questions, who is used as a subject or as a predicate pronoun.

·         Ex. Who knows the story of MeMian, a review sheet maker of freshmen -___-?

[[who – subject]]

The review sheet maker is who? [[who – predicate pronoun]]

-          Whom is the objective form.

In a question, whom is used as a direct/an indirect object of a verb or as the object of a preposition.

·         Ex. Whom did MeMian ask? [[whom – direct object]]

She told whom the secret of her review sheet? [[whom – indirect object]]

-          Use who when the pronoun is the subject of a subordinate clause.

·         Ex. It’s the gay singer who is singing a scary song. =[]=

[[who – subject & is singing a scary song – subordinate clause]]

-          Use whom when the pronoun is an object in a subordinate clause.

·         Ex. The singer whom we all love is a gay -____-

[[whom – direct object & we all love – subordinate clause]]

Pronoun-Antecedent Agreement

-          A pronoun must agree with its antecedent in number, gender, and person.

·         An antecedent is the noun/pronoun that a pronoun refers to or replaces.

-          Agreement in Number

·         Agreement with Compound Subjects

= use a plural pronoun to refer to nouns or pronouns joined by and.

ð  Ex. Vicky and Nas get scare when they hear Fon sings.

= a pronoun that refers to nouns/pronouns joined by or or nor should agree with the noun or pronoun nearer to it.    

ð  Ex. Neither Nas nor Vicky’s friends fail their test.

·         Agreement with Collective Nouns

= a collective noun may be referred to as a singular or plural pronoun [[the number of the collective noun is determined by its meaning in the sentence]]

Use a singular pronoun if it names a group of acting as a unit.

ð  Ex. The family finally gives its support to Oranas -__-.

Use a plural pronoun if it shows the members or parts of a group acting individually.

ð  Ex. MeMian’s family talk about their plans to have dinner outside =[]=.

-          Agreement in Gender and Person

·         Gender refers to the masculine [[he, him, his]], feminine [[she, her, hers]], or neuter forms [[it, its]] of personal pronouns.

ð  Ex. Chatrinya, the review sheet maker, brings her sheets to the school.

Indefinite Pronouns as Antecedents

-          A personal pronoun must agree in number with the indefinite pronoun that is its antecedent. [[it usually doesn’t have an antecedent]]

Indefinite Pronouns
Singular	Plural	Singular or Plural
Another              Much Anybody            Neither Anyone              Nobody Anything            No one Each                   Nothing Either                  One Everybody         Somebody Everyone           Someone Everything          Something	Both Few Many several	All Any More Most None Some

-          Agreement with Indefinite Pronouns

·         Use a singular pronoun to refer to a singular indefinite pronoun

ð  Ex. Each story has its own ending.

      Everyone has his or her favorite story.

·         Use a plural pronoun to refer to a plural indefinite pronoun

ð  Ex. Both of the students have their own books.

      Only a few of us brought our books to class =___=

-          Indefinite Pronouns That Can Be Singular or Plural

·         Use the meaning of the sentence to determine whether the indefinite pronoun is singular or plural.

ð  Use the intervening prepositional phrase to help u decideee

Ex. None of the girl has lost her book.  [[singular]]

      Most of the girls have their own books. [[plural]]

Pronoun Reference Problems

-          The referent of a pronoun should always be clear.

1.      Indefinite Reference = a problem that occurs when the pronoun it, you, or they doesn’t clearly refer to a specific antecedent.

~ it can be fixed by rewording the sentence and eliminating the pronoun or by replacing the pronoun with a noun.

Ex. In the “Superhero” article, it discussed only three women      … revise to …

      The “Superheroes” article discussed only three women.

2.      General Reference = problem occurs when the pronoun it, this, that, which, or such is used to refer to a general idea rather than to a specific antecedent.

~ it can be fixed by rewriting the sentence.

Ex. The sidekick is weak and vulnerable, which makes the character appealing      … revise to …

       The sidekick’s weakness and vulnerability make the character appealing.

3.      Ambiguous Reference = problem occurs when a pronoun could refer to two or more antecedents.

~ it can be fixed by rewriting the sentence to clarify what the pronoun refers to

Ex. Oranas and Memian were reading books. She ate snack while reading as well      ... revise to ...

      Oranas and MeMian were reading books. MeMi ate snack while reading as well.

Other Pronoun Problems [[I think this lesson, Ma’am kong mai test much a =3=]]

-          Pronouns can be used with an appositive, in an appositive, or in a comparison.

-          Pronouns and Appositives

·         An appositive = a noun or a pronoun that follows another noun or pronoun for the purpose of identifying/explaining it.

ð  Ex. Vicky, my friend, get a good score in grammar test.

·         We and Us with Appositives

= we .. the nominative case n’ used when the pronoun is a subject.

= us .. the objective case n’ used when the pronoun is an object.

ð  Ex. We artists dream about creating our sport day theme.

[[artists – appositive]]

      Don’t tell us beginners that it’s impossible. [[beginners – appositive]]

·         Pronouns in Appositives = a pronoun used as an appositive is in the case it would take if the noun were missing

ð  Ex. The teacher told the students, Oranas and him, for the test score.

      [[Oranas and him – appositive]]

~ The pronoun case is determined by the function of the noun it identifies.

-          Pronouns in Comparisons

·         A comparison can be made using than or as to begin a clause.

ð  Ex. Oranas is more clumsy than I am. > <

      No one looks as ting tong as she does.

·         When we omit some words from the final clause in a comparison, the clause is called elliptical

ð  Ex. I know she would be smarter than I.

Other Kinds of Pronouns

-          A reflexive pronoun refers action back upon the subject and adds information to the sentence. [[it must have an antecedent]]

·         Ex. MeMian prepared herself for the test.

-          An Intensive pronoun adds emphasis to a noun or pronoun in the same sentence.

·         Ex. MeMian herself forgot the grammar book.

-          Demonstrative pronouns point out specific persons, places, things, or ideas.

They are :: this, these, that, and those.

·         Ex. The students who read the books will get better grade than those who’re lazy.

-          An interrogative pronoun is used to ask a question.

Ex. What is your GPA ? [[what – interrogative pronoun]]

-          A relative pronoun is used to introduce subordinate clauses.

Ex. The books that the students asked for were lost.

      [[books – antecedent & that – relative pronoun]]

Interrogative and Relative Pronouns
Interrogative	Who, whom, whose, which, what
Relative	Who, whom, whose, which, that

Ps. I’m so mua -__- !!

Mai dai proofread or anything lei …

and sry if I made many many mistakes, misunderstandings, bad/wrong examples

blah blah blah

SORRY jing jing na ka TT^TT rao baab rush a T__T !!!

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