For all=EIS=12 GraderS*11-12

ลำดับตอนที่ #16 : [[R.S.]]Business Management::Chapter.11::10.2.12

Review Sheet of Business Management

Chapter 11 Test :: 10.Feb.12

Chapter.11 :: Operations Management and Planning [[Page.248]]

11-1 Operations Management [[Page 250]]

-        Managers that are responsible for the activities involved in producing the goods or services for a company is called operations managers. Their activities include the following:

·       Choosing a process for producing the company's goods or services

·       Selecting a production site

·       Laying out the production facility

·       Designing production workers' jobs

·       Planning day-to-day production operations

·       Controlling costs

·       Monitoring inventories

-        An operating system consists of the processes and activities needed to produce goods or services. Operating systems are made up of people, materials, facilities and information.

-        Businesses use 2 types of operating system:

1.     Continuous-flow systems are operating systems that function all the time, regardless of customer orders.

·       It is used to produce standardized products that a business keeps in stock.

·       Most large manufacturing companies use this system.

2.     Intermittent-flow systems are operating systems that operate only when an order needs to be filled.

·       It is used to produce customized products and services.

·       Most service companies use this system.

-        These following four processes have helped businesses streamline their operations:

1.     Designing products with the help of computers is known as computer-aided design, or CAD. CAD helps companies create better products because it allows them to try various product designs without actually manufacturing the product.

2.     Businesses also use computers to engineer products, a process known as computer-aide engineering, or CAE. CAE is used to analyze the performance of a product under different conditions.

3.     In computer-aided manufacturing, or CAM, computers provide instructions to automated production equipment.

4.     Using computers to integrate all manufacturing operations into a single, smoothly operating manufacturing system is known as computer-integrated manufacturing, or CIM. It lowers manufacturing costs, reduces production time, and improves product quality.

-        The selection of an operating system is known as process selection.

·       It involves a wide range of decisions about the specific processes to use, the sequences in which to perform the processes, and the equipment to use.

-        The process of selecting a location for a business is known as site selection.

·       One of the most important factors in choosing a site for businesses is wage rate.

·       When a company outgrows its facilities, managers face 3 options for obtaining more space which are:

ð  Expand the site

ð  Move the entire operation to another site

ð  Add another facility elsewhere

-        Facilities layout is the process of planning the physical arrangement of a facility.

·       A materials-handling system is the network that receives, stores, and moves materials between processing points within a factory.

ð  Factors such as size, shape, weight, density, and flexibility of materials affect a facility’s layout.

·       Most companies use one of three types of layouts:

1.     A product layout groups equipment and staff based on the various steps involved in producing a product.

ð  Advantages: it simplifies production planning and allows workers to specialize in a small number of simple tasks

ð  Disadvantages: workers often grow bored and assembly line can move only as fast as the slowest link in the chain

2.     A process layout groups together equipment &staff that perform similar functions.

ð  Advantages: employees perform a wider variety of tasks so they are less likely to become bored & more likely to work well

ð  Disadvantages: it requires highly skilled workers

3.     In fixed-position layout, the product is too large to move & remains in one place.

ð  Disadvantage: it isn’t always as efficient as the first two types

11-2 Job Design and Planning [[Page 262]]

-        A job design describes the work an individual or group of individuals is supposed to perform. It can be described in terms of 5 characteristics:

1.     Skill variety refers to the number of different skills a worker needs to perform a job.

2.     Task identity refers to the degree to which a job allows a worker to complete an entire task rather than just part of the task.

3.     Task significance refers to the level of impact a job has on the whole organization.

4.     Autonomy refers to the independence workers have to make decisions about how to perform their jobs.

5.     Feedback involves the extent to which managers let workers know how they are performing.

-        To attract and retain good workers, managers need to provide satisfactory and pleasant physical work environment.

·       The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) is a federal government agency that inspects workplaces to ensure that they comply with OSHA regulations. It enforced the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970.

-        Manager needs to carefully plan day-to-day operations to ensure that production proceeds smoothly and that costs are low. This process of planning a business's production needs is known as production planning. It involves 3 components:

1.     Aggregate production planning = uses an organization's resources to produce enough goods or services to meet demand.

2.     Resource allocation = the allocation of people, materials, and equipment to meet the operating system requirements.

3.     Activity scheduling = involves creating a detailed production timetable. It involves loading and dispatching.

·       Loading is the term production managers use for assigning a job to a factory or department.

·       Dispatching refers to the scheduling of each task that is performed in the factory.

DOWNLOAD HERE :)
http://www.mediafire.com/?wnyas742etqoa4r