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ลำดับตอนที่ #4 : [[R.S.]]Summary of Science Chapter 11~Fresh Water::23.1.08
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The Summary of…
Chapter 7::Fresh Water
Section 1~The Water Cycle [[Page.360]]
- Most of Earth’s water – roughly 97percent – is salt water that is found in the oceans. Only 3 percent is fresh water [[which found in the ice near the North and South Poles]].
- Most water in the atmosphere is invisible water vapor, the gaseous form of water.
- Although people have given names to regions of the ocean, these regions are all connected, forming a single world ocean.
- The floating chunks of ice [[icebergs]] in the southern Pacific and Atlantic oceans are made of fresh water.
- Lake Ontario is one of North America’s five Great Lakes. Together, the Great Lakes contain nearly 20 percent of all the water in the world’s freshwater lakes.
- Water that fills the cracks and spaces in the underground soil and rock layers when rain or snow falls is called groundwater.
- Far more fresh water is located underground than in all Earth’s rivers and lakes.
- The water cycle is the continuous process by which water moves through living and nonliving parts of the environment.
- In the water cycle, water moves from bodies of water, land, and living things on Earth’s surface to the atmosphere and back to Earth’s surface.
· The sun is the source of energy that drives the water cycle.
- The water cycle is the continuous process by which water moves through the environment.
1. Evaporation is the process by which molecules at the surface of a liquid absorb enough energy to change to gaseous state.
ð Most evaporation takes place over the ocean and also in large lakes.
ð A significant amount of water is given off by plants. They use the process called transpiration in which plants draw in water from the soil through their roots and give off their water through the leaves as water vapor.
2. Condensationis the process in which condensed droplets of water clump together around tiny dust particles in the air to form clouds.
3. When the water droplets become heavy enough, they fall back to Earth as rain, snow, hail, or sleet in the process of precipitation.
ð Most water molecules probably spend only about 10 days in the atmosphere before falling back to Earth.
ð Precipitation is the source of all fresh water on and below Earth’s surface.
ð In the world as a whole, the rates of evaporation and precipitation are balanced.
- Groundwater flows underground and eventually may flow into a body of water.
- In addition to household purposes, people use water for agriculture, industry, transportation, and recreation.
· On a large farm, a constant supply of fresh water is essential. When there is a time that the farm doesn’t receive enough regular rainfall farmland must be irrigated.
ð Irrigation is the process of supplying water to areas of land to make them suitable for growing crops.
· Industries use water in many ways such as power plants and steel mills, both need huge volumes of water to cool down hot machinery.
· Oceans and rivers have been used for transporting people and goods since ancient times.
- Water makes up nearly two thirds of our bodies.
- Water is essential for living things to grow, reproduce, and carry out other important processes.
· For example, plants use water, plus carbon dioxide and energy from the sun, to make food in a process called photosynthesis.
ð Animals and many other living things depend on the food made by plants.
· Another way that living things use water is as a home. An organism’s habitat is the place where it lives and that provides the thing it needs to survive.
Section 1 Review [[Page.366]]
1. Where is the most of the fresh water on Earth found?
Answer ::Most of the fresh water is found in the huge masses of ice near the North and South Poles.
2. Describe the general path of water as it moves through the water cycle.
Answer :: 1. Evaporation = molecules of water absorb heat from the sun and change to water vapor.
2. Condensation = water vapor cools and clump together around tiny dust particles in the air, forming clouds.
3. Precipitation = when the water droplets become heavy enough, they falls back to Earth as rain, snow, hail, or sleet.
3. How does the water cycle renew Earth’s supply of fresh water?
Answer :: Through the process of precipitation.
4. What are five major ways that people in the United States use water?
Answer :: Agriculture, industry, transportation, recreation and habitat.
Section 2~Water on the Surface [[Page.368]]
- Tributariesare the smaller streams and rivers that feed into a main river.
- A river and all its tributaries together make up a river system.
- The tributaries flow toward the main river following a downhill path due to the pull of gravity.
- The land area that supplies water to a river system is called a watershed.
· Watersheds are also called drainage basins.
- One watershed is separated from another by a ridge of land called a divide.
- A flood occurs when the volume of water in a river increases so much that the river overflows its channel.
· As rain and melting snow added more and more water, the river gained in speed and strength [[also more energy it has]].
- Floods can leave a layer of rich soil on each side of the river. But they can also destroy farms, towns, and crops.
- Building dams is one method of flood control.
· A dam is a barrier across a river that may redirect the flow of a river to other channels or store the water in an artificial lake.
- Sediment deposits actually build a natural defense against floods. Over time, these deposits build up into long ridges called levees.
· These natural levees help keep the river inside its bank.
- People sometimes build up the natural levees with sandbags or stone and concrete to provide further protection against floods.
· Build-up levees can work well to prevent small floods, but they often make heavy flooding worse for areas further downstream,
- While water in streams and rivers is always on the move, the water in lakes and ponds is still, or standing, water.
- Ponds are generally smaller and shallower than lakes. Sunlight usually reaches the bottom of all parts of a pond.
- Ponds and lakes form when water collects in hollows and low-lying areas of land.
· The pond is actually a thriving habitat, supporting a wide diversity of living things.
ð Its muddy bottom is often covered with weeds.
ð Plantlike organisms called algae also live in the pond. [[Plants and algae use sunlight to make food through photosynthesis, also they produce oxygen]]
ð Sponges live under the leaves of water lilies.
ð Sunfish and perch live in both the weedy shallows and the deeper water of the pond.
ð The shore of a pond is edges with grasses and trees like willows and maples. These plants provide shelter and nesting place for redwing blackbirds and other birds.
ð Frogs lay eggs in the shallow water near shore.
ð Snails find food on the soft bottom of the pond. Also, Crayfish buried themselves in the mud.
ð No all ponds exist year-round. Some ponds can dry up during summer and some can freeze over during winter
· Most lakes are deep enough that sunlight does not reach all the way to the bottom.
ð A lake bottom may consist of sand, pebbles, or rock.
ð Lakes can form by..
1. Cut off river meander
2. Melted ice sheets
3. Movement of Earth’s crust
4. Blocking of lava or mud in a river
5. In empty craters of volcanoes
ð A lake that stores water for human use is called a reservoir.
ð In shallow water near shore, the wildlife is similar to that in a pond.
- In the summer, the sun warms the upper layer of water in lake and this water floats on top of the cooler, denser lower layer. Then, in the fall the top layer cools off, it becomes denser and sinks. This causes the lake water to mix together.
· As the water mixes, minerals, plant matter, and other nutrients rise from the lake bottom to the surface. Called lake turnover, this seasonal change refreshed the supply of nutrients throughout the lake.
- The waste products that organisms in lake release and the remains of dead organisms contain nutrients such as nitrates and phosphates. Algae feed on these nutrients. Over many years, the nutrients build up in the lake in a process called eutrophication.
· As eutrophication causes more algae to grow, thick, green scum forms on the surface of the water.
· When the algae layer becomes so thick that it begins to block out the sunlight, plants in the lake cannot carry out photosynthesis. They stop producing food and oxygen and die T[]T
· As dead organisms in the lake decay, the amount of oxygen in the water decreases. Many of the fish and other animals died because they don’t have enough oxygen to live.
· Materials from decaying plants and animals piles up on the bottom, and the lake become shallower.
· Many plants take root in the rich mud on the lake bottom. Eventually, the lake becomes completely filled with plants.
- A glacier is a mass of ice and snow that moves slowly over land. When a glacier reaches the seacoast, icebergs form.
- About 90 percent of an iceberg lies below the surface. The underwater part is hazard to ships because it is often much wider than the visible part of the iceberg.
Section 2 Review [[Page.377]]
1. What bodies of water make up a river system?
Answer ::A river and all its tributaries together make up a river system.
2. Explain how ponds and lakes form.
Answer :: Ponds and lakes form when water collects in hollows and low-lying areas of land.
3. Give three examples of typical pond organisms. Describe where in a pond each is found.
Answer :: 1. Frongs = lay eggs in the shallow water near shore.
2. Snails = find food on the soft bottom of the pond
3. Sunfish and perch = live in both the weedy shallows and the deeper waters of the pond.
4. How is the depth of the water in the middle of a lake related to the variety of living things here?
Answer :: Sunlight doesn’t reach the middle of a lake, so there’re fewer organisms live here compare to a pond. Plants can’t live in this deep water but there are also few worms and mollusks do live here.
Section 3~Water Underground [[Page.378]]
- Like the water in rivers, lakes, and glaciers, underground water comes from precipitation.
· The water from precipitation can evaporate right away, run off the surface, or soak into the ground[[following the pull of gravity]].
- Water underground trickles down between particles of soil and through cracks and spaces in layers of rock.
- Different types of rock and soil have different-sized spaces or pores, between their particles.
· How easily water moves through the material depends not only on the size of the pores, but also on whether the pores are connected to each other.
- Materials that allow water to easily pass through, or permeate, are called permeable.
· Sand and gravel are permeable materials.
- As water soaks down through permeable rock, it eventually reaches layers of material that it cannot pass through.
- Materials that water cannot pass through easily are called impermeable.
· Clay and granite are impermeable materials.
- Once water reaches an impermeable layer, it can’t soak any deeper. So, it fill up the spaces above the impermeable material instead.
- The area of permeable rock or soil that is totally filled, or saturated, with water is called the saturated zone.
- The top of the saturated zone is the water table.
· Knowing the depth of the water table in an area tells you how deep you must dig to reach groundwater.
- The layer of rocks and soil above the water table is called the unsaturated zone.
- Any underground layer of rock or sediment that holds water is called aquifer.
- The underground water is in motion, seeping thought the layers of rock.
· How fast the ware moves depend largely on how steeply the aquifer slopes and how permeable the rocks are.
- Water table generally follows the shape of the underground rock layers.
- Heavy rain or lots of melting snow raise the level of the water table. The level falls in dry weather.
- Where the water table meets the ground surface, ground water bubbles or flows out of cracks in the rock in places called springs.
· The groundwater may feed a stream or pond, or form a wetland.
- People can obtain groundwater from an aquifer by drilling a well below the water table.
- The well that doesn’t reach below the water table is called a dry well. This kind of well cannot obtain water from the aquifer.
- Today, most wells are dug with well-drilling equipment. [[Pumps bring up the groundwater]]
- If too much water is pumped out from the aquifer too fast, the well may run dry.
· It’ll be necessary either to dig deeper to reach the lower water table, or wait for rainfall to refill the aquifer.
ð New water that enters the aquifer from the surface is called recharge.
- In some aquifer, groundwater is trapped between two layers of impermeable rock or sediment and it’s under great pressure water’s weight above it. So, the pressure sends water spurting up through the hole.
· A well in which water rises because of pressure within the aquifer is called an artesian well.
Section 3 Review [[Page.381]]
1. Describe what happens to water that soaks into the ground.
Answer ::It trickles down between particles of soil and through cracks and spaces in layers of rock.
2. Why is it important to know the depth of an aquifer before drilling a well?
Answer :: Because it tells you how deep you must dig to reach groundwater.
3. Draw a cross section of the ground that includes….blah blah blah..I’m not going to do this one anyway because I can’t draw in Microsoft words -___-^^^
4. During the winter, a small spring flows on your property. Every summer, the spring dries up. What might be the reason for this change
Answer :: During winter, ice melts can fill up the spring water. But in summer, water in the spring evaporates.
Section 4~Wetland Environment [[Page.384]]
- A wetland is an area of land that is covered with a shallow layer of water during some or all of the year.
· Wetlands form in places where water is trapped in low areas or where groundwater seeps onto the surface of the land.
- Marches, swamps, and bogs are three common types of freshwater wetlands.
· Marshes generally are grassy areas covered by a shallow layer or stream of water. They contain cattails, rushes, tule, and other tall grass-like plants.
· Swamps look more like flooded forest and shrubs growing in the water. [[similar to ones in Pocahontas^-^]]
· Bogs, which are more common in cooler northern states, often form in depressions left by melting ice sheets thousands of years ago. Its water tends to be acidic and many types of mosses thrive in condition found in bogs.
- Wetland along coasts usually contain both fresh and salt water.
- Dead leaves and other plant and animal material serve as natural fertilizer, adding nitrogen, phosphates, and other nutrients to the water and soil in wetlands.
- Because of their sheltered waters and rich supply of nutrients, wetlands provide habitats for many living things.
- Farmers and builders once considered the wetland as a wasteland. So, it was drained and filled in to develop for farmland or for building homes and businesses.
- But actually, wetland serve important functions for people as well as for wildlife.
· For example, it provides natural water filtration.
- Wetlands also help control floods by absorbing extra runoff from heavy rains.
· They act like giant sponges, storing water and gradually releasing it as it drains or evaporates.
- Water is the key to the Everglades, a unique region of wetlands.
· As in other wetlands, water means life for many Everglades creatures.
- Many unusual species of animals live in the freshwater wetland habitats of the Everglades
· Example of those animals are…
ð Roseate spoonbills
ð Wood stork
ð Great egret
ð Snowy egret
ð Manatee
ð Little blue heron
ð Anhinga
ð Florida panther
ð Purple gallinule
ð White-tailed deer
ð Raccoon
ð American alligator
ð Flamingos
ð Mink [[it’s a kind of animal,,believe me!!!!]]
· Habitats found in the Everglades include sawgrass marshes, cypress swamps, and mangrove forests.
- Threats to the Everglades
· Nearby farming introduced new chemicals into the water of marsh, upsetting the balance of nutrients.
· Developers have filled the areas of wetland to build new homes and roads.
· New organisms brought into the area accidentally or for pest control compete with other organisms for space and food.
· Some areas of Everglades are drying up. Some are flooded.
- Preserving the Everglades.
· Scientists are planning to build an elaborate system of pipes and canals to refill some of drained areas with fresh water.
· The National Park Service, the State of Florida, and the U.S. Army Crops of Engineers are working together to manage the supply of water to areas around and within the Everglades, too.
Section 4 Review [[Page.388]]
1. How are wetlands important to wildlife.
Answer :: Their provides water and rich supply of nutrients, also they habitats for many living things.
2. Explain how wetlands help control floods.
Answer :: By absorbing extra runoff from heavy rains.
3. How are the Everglades unusual?
Answer :: A shallow layer of water moves slowly over the gently sloping land from Lake Okeechobee.
[[I’m not sure about this answer naa,,Fon is the one who told me this heheheT]]
4. Some of the plans to restore the Everglades will requite millions of dollars and will negatively affect local farmers. What information would you want to have to help decide what plan of action to take to save the Everglades?
Answer :: I don’t know -___-^^ may be the information like…how much the Everglade has been damaged? Something like that -*-
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