For all=EIS=9 GraderS*08-09

ลำดับตอนที่ #17 : [[R.S.]]Grammar Second Quarter Exam::D,, N,, P,, V,, T,, M,, ADJ,, ADV::18.12.08

D,, N,, P,, V,, T,, M,, ADJ,, ADV
Determiners, Nouns, Pronouns, Verbs, Tenses, Modal verbs, Adjectives, Adverbs [[ok?]]

warning :: ... this is an almost-20-page review sheet na =[]= !!


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Review Sheet for

Grammar [[2^st Quarter]]Exam* 18.Dec.08

Determiners

Determiners are words like the, an, my, some. They are grammatically similar. They all come at the beginning of noun phrases, and usually we cannot use more than one determiner in the same noun phrase.

-          Articles ::

·         a, an – indefinite

ð  use when we are talking about one thing in general

·         the – definite

ð  use when we are talking about one thing in particular

-          Demonstrative ::

·         this, that – singular

·         these, those – plural

-          Possessives ::

·         my, your, his, her, our, their, its, etc.

-          Other determiners ::

·         each, every

ð  each expresses the idea of one by one,; individually

ð  every is half-way between each and all

·         either, neither

·         any, some, no

ð  any = one, some or all; usually use in negative & question sentences

ð  some = a little/a few/a small amount; use in positive sentences

·         much, many; more, most

ð  much = uncountable nouns; use in negative & question sentences

ð  many = countable nouns

·         little, less, least

ð  use with uncountable nouns

·         few, fewer, fewest

ð  use with countable nouns

·         what, whatever; which, whichever

·         both, half, all

·         several

·         enough

Nouns

A noun is a word that names a person, place, thing, or idea.

-          A common noun is a general name for person, place thing, or idea; usually not capitalized.

-          A proper noun is the name of a particular person, place, thing, or idea; always capitalized.

Common	month, girl, day
Proper	August, Oranas, Friday

-          A concrete noun names an object that can be seen, heard, smelled, touched, or tasted.

-          An abstract noun names an idea, quality, or state.

Concrete	book, bell, flower, sand, appleeeee
Abstract	sadness, happiness, independence, pride, uncertainty

-          Singular noun = a single person, place, thing, or idea.

-          Plural noun = more than one person, place, thing, or idea.

Singular	Plural
Child Deer Fish Foot Hypothesis Memorandum Ox News Music Potato Sheep Story wolf	Children Deer Fish Feet Hypotheses Memoranda Oxen News Music Potatoes Sheep Stories wolves

-          A collective noun refers to a group of people or things; is singular in form.

·         Ex…… 

ð  A bouquet of flowers         [ A brood of chickens

ð  A choir of singers                                  [ A cluster of diamonds

ð  A deck of cards                                   [ A flock of sheep

ð  A galaxy of stars                                   [ A herd of cattle                         

ð  A little of kittens              [ A nest of rabbits                         

ð  An orchestra of musicians                   [    A pack of wolves                      

ð  A panel of judges                       [ A party of friends

ð  A school of whale/fish                         [ A sheet of paper

ð  A slither of snakes                                 [ A string/robe of pearls

ð  A swarm of bees                                  [ A troop of monkeys

ð  A tube of toothpaste

-          A compound noun is made up of two or more words.

·         One word [[or close compound]] = storyteller, airplane, football, etc.

·         Separate word [[or open compound]] = rain forest, can opener, etc.

·         Hyphenated word = son-in-law, fade-out, etc.

-          A possessive noun shows owner ship of relationship; using apostrophe.

Ownership	MeMian’s review sheets
Relationship	MeMian’s doggy

-          A gender noun ….

Masculine	Feminine
Actor	Actress
Bachelor	Spinster
Cock	Hen
Drake	Duck
Fiancé	Fiancée
Groom	Bride
Hero	Heroine
Lord / Gentleman	Lady
Host	Hostess
Master	Mistress
Nephew	Niece
Poet	Poetess
Prince	Princess
Lion	Lioness [[not tigerrrr~~]]
Tiger	Tigress
Waiter	Waitress
Wizard	Witch

-          Countable and uncountable nouns …

Ex.  [ water/food/flour/weight = uncountable

       [ chicken/decision/statement = countable

·         “Amount of”/ “A little”/ “Much”/ “Plenty of” uses with uncountable nouns

·         “Number of”/ “A few”/ “Many” uses with countable nouns

-          Nouns usually end with …

- al                     - en                 - ship               - er                   - ian, an [[MeMiannn*]]

- ment               - ery                 - dom              - ism                 - ity

- ness, ess           - ee                 - hood             - th                  - ing [[gerund]]

=Moreee”=

-          Each/every/only one followed by –singular-

·         Ex. each student, every dog, only one person

-          Each of the/every of the/one of the followed by  –plural-

·         Ex. each of the students, every of the dogs, one of the people

Pronouns

A pronoun is a word used in place of a noun or another pronoun.

Personal pronouns take different forms depending on how they are used in sentences. The form of a pronoun is called its case.

There are three pronouns cases :: nominative, objective, and possessive.

Nominative and Objective Cases

-          Nominative Case = Personal pronouns that functions as subjects or as predicate nominatives.

·         Ex. I like doing the review sheets. It is fun !! -_____- [[I & it are subjects]]

      Memian and she are in the same class. [[she – compound subject]]

-          A predicate pronoun also takes the nominative case. [[it follows a linking verbs and renames the subject of the sentence]]

·         Ex. It was she who did all the review sheet [[she – predicate pronoun]]

Nominative Pronoun Forms
	1st Person	2nd Person	3rd Person
Singular	I	You	He, she, it
Plural	We	You	They

-          Objective Case = Personal pronouns that functions as directs & indirect objects, or the objects of prepositions.

·         Ex. Oranas the inertia, MeMian’s friend, helped her. [[her – direct object]]

Oranas gave her something. [[her – indirect object]]

Most of MeMian’s friends are nice to her. [[her – object of preposition]]

-          Also use the objective case of the pronoun when it’s part of a compound object construction.

·         Ex. Oranas gives the flower to both Mike and her.

[[Mike and her – compound  subject preposition]]

Objective Pronoun Forms
	1st Person	2nd Person	3rd Person
Singular	Me	You	Him, her, it
Plural	Us	You	Them

Possessive Cases

-          Possessive Case = Personal pronouns that show ownership or relationship.

Possessive Pronouns
	1st Person	2nd Person	3rd Person
Singular	My, mine	Your, yours	Him, her, hers, its
Plural	Our, ours	Your, yours	Their, theirs

-          Possessive pronouns can be used in two ways …

1.      They can be used in place of noun [[& can function as a subject/object]]

·         Ex. I need a book on MeMian myths.

Can I borrow yours? Mine is at home.

[[yours – direct object & mine – subject]]

2.      They can be used to modify a noun or a gerund [[& comes before the noun/gerund it modifies]]

·         Ex. We learned her history through our reading.

[[her history – noun & our reading – gerund]]

-          Don’t use a possessive pronoun with a participle.

·         Ex. Our friend watched us reading books.

Using ‘Who’ and ‘Whom’

-          The case of the pronoun who is determined by the function of the pronoun in the sentence.

Forms of Who and Whoever
Nominative	Who, whoever
Objective	Whom, whomever
Possessive	Whose, whosever

-          Who is in the nominative form of the pronoun.

In questions, who is used as a subject or as a predicate pronoun.

·         Ex. Who knows the story of MeMian, a review sheet maker of freshmen -___-?

[[who – subject]]

The review sheet maker is who? [[who – predicate pronoun]]

-          Whom is the objective form.

In a question, whom is used as a direct/an indirect object of a verb or as the object of a preposition.

·         Ex. Whom did MeMian ask? [[whom – direct object]]

She told whom the secret of her review sheet? [[whom – indirect object]]

-          Use who when the pronoun is the subject of a subordinate clause.

·         Ex. It’s the gay singer who is singing a scary song. =[]=

[[who – subject & is singing a scary song – subordinate clause]]

-          Use whom when the pronoun is an object in a subordinate clause.

·         Ex. The singer whom we all love is a gay -____-

[[whom – direct object & we all love – subordinate clause]]

Pronoun-Antecedent Agreement

-          A pronoun must agree with its antecedent in number, gender, and person.

·         An antecedent is the noun/pronoun that a pronoun refers to or replaces.

-          Agreement in Number

·         Agreement with Compound Subjects

= use a plural pronoun to refer to nouns or pronouns joined by and.

ð  Ex. Vicky and Nas get scare when they hear Fon sings.

= a pronoun that refers to nouns/pronouns joined by or or nor should agree with the noun or pronoun nearer to it.    

ð  Ex. Neither Nas nor Vicky’s friends fail their test.

·         Agreement with Collective Nouns

= a collective noun may be referred to as a singular or plural pronoun [[the number of the collective noun is determined by its meaning in the sentence]]

Use a singular pronoun if it names a group of acting as a unit.

ð  Ex. The family finally gives its support to Oranas -__-.

Use a plural pronoun if it shows the members or parts of a group acting individually.

ð  Ex. MeMian’s family talk about their plans to have dinner outside =[]=.

-          Agreement in Gender and Person

·         Gender refers to the masculine [[he, him, his]], feminine [[she, her, hers]], or neuter forms [[it, its]] of personal pronouns.

ð  Ex. Chatrinya, the review sheet maker, brings her sheets to the school.

Indefinite Pronouns as Antecedents

-          A personal pronoun must agree in number with the indefinite pronoun that is its antecedent. [[it usually doesn’t have an antecedent]]

Indefinite Pronouns
Singular	Plural	Singular or Plural
Another              Much Anybody            Neither Anyone              Nobody Anything            No one Each                   Nothing Either                  One Everybody         Somebody Everyone           Someone Everything          Something	Both Few Many several	All Any More Most None Some

-          Agreement with Indefinite Pronouns

·         Use a singular pronoun to refer to a singular indefinite pronoun

ð  Ex. Each story has its own ending.

      Everyone has his or her favorite story.

·         Use a plural pronoun to refer to a plural indefinite pronoun

ð  Ex. Both of the students have their own books.

      Only a few of us brought our books to class =___=

-          Indefinite Pronouns That Can Be Singular or Plural

·         Use the meaning of the sentence to determine whether the indefinite pronoun is singular or plural.

ð  Use the intervening prepositional phrase to help u decideee

Ex. None of the girl has lost her book.  [[singular]]

      Most of the girls have their own books. [[plural]]

Pronoun Reference Problems

-          The referent of a pronoun should always be clear.

1.      Indefinite Reference = a problem that occurs when the pronoun it, you, or they doesn’t clearly refer to a specific antecedent.

~ it can be fixed by rewording the sentence and eliminating the pronoun or by replacing the pronoun with a noun.

Ex. In the “Superhero” article, it discussed only three women      … revise to …

      The “Superheroes” article discussed only three women.

2.      General Reference = problem occurs when the pronoun it, this, that, which, or such is used to refer to a general idea rather than to a specific antecedent.

~ it can be fixed by rewriting the sentence.

Ex. The sidekick is weak and vulnerable, which makes the character appealing      … revise to …

       The sidekick’s weakness and vulnerability make the character appealing.

3.      Ambiguous Reference = problem occurs when a pronoun could refer to two or more antecedents.

~ it can be fixed by rewriting the sentence to clarify what the pronoun refers to

Ex. Oranas and Memian were reading books. She ate snack while reading as well      ... revise to ...

      Oranas and MeMian were reading books. MeMi ate snack while reading as well.

Other Pronoun Problems [[I think this lesson, Ma’am kong mai test much a =3=]]

-          Pronouns can be used with an appositive, in an appositive, or in a comparison.

-          Pronouns and Appositives

·         An appositive = a noun or a pronoun that follows another noun or pronoun for the purpose of identifying/explaining it.

ð  Ex. Vicky, my friend, get a good score in grammar test.

·         We and Us with Appositives

= we .. the nominative case n’ used when the pronoun is a subject.

= us .. the objective case n’ used when the pronoun is an object.

ð  Ex. We artists dream about creating our sport day theme.

[[artists – appositive]]

      Don’t tell us beginners that it’s impossible. [[beginners – appositive]]

·         Pronouns in Appositives = a pronoun used as an appositive is in the case it would take if the noun were missing

ð  Ex. The teacher told the students, Oranas and him, for the test score.

      [[Oranas and him – appositive]]

~ The pronoun case is determined by the function of the noun it identifies.

-          Pronouns in Comparisons

·         A comparison can be made using than or as to begin a clause.

ð  Ex. Oranas is more clumsy than I am. > <

      No one looks as ting tong as she does.

·         When we omit some words from the final clause in a comparison, the clause is called elliptical

ð  Ex. I know she would be smarter than I.

Other Kinds of Pronouns

-          A reflexive pronoun refers action back upon the subject and adds information to the sentence. [[it must have an antecedent]]

·         Ex. MeMian prepared herself for the test.

-          An Intensive pronoun adds emphasis to a noun or pronoun in the same sentence.

·         Ex. MeMian herself forgot the grammar book.

-          Demonstrative pronouns point out specific persons, places, things, or ideas.

They are :: this, these, that, and those.

·         Ex. The students who read the books will get better grade than those who’re lazy.

-          An interrogative pronoun is used to ask a question.

Ex. What is your GPA ? [[what – interrogative pronoun]]

-          A relative pronoun is used to introduce subordinate clauses.

Ex. The books that the students asked for were lost.

      [[books – antecedent & that – relative pronoun]]

Interrogative and Relative Pronouns
Interrogative	Who, whom, whose, which, what
Relative	Who, whom, whose, which, that

Verbs

A verb expresses an action, a condition, or a state of being.

            The two main types of verbs are action verbs and linking verbs.

1.      An action verb expresses action. The action may be physical or mental.

Ex. MeMi types her review sheets.  [[types – physical]]

      Everyone expects to get full score in the exam. [[ expects – mental ]]

ð  When an action verb appears with  direct object, it’s called a transitive verb

Ex. A boy takes the grammar exam.

ð  When an action verb doesn’t have an object, it’s called an intransitive verb

Ex. He cries out loud as he knows the score. [[no object]]

2.      A linking verb links the subject or a sentence to a word in the predicate. 

Forms of To Be

is, am, are, was, were, been, being

Verbs that Express Condition

look, smell, feel, sound, taste, grow, appear, become, seem, remain

-          Auxiliary verbs, also called helping verbs, are combined with verbs to form verb phrases.

Ex. We should read grammar book -__- [[should – auxiliary verb,, read – main]]

Common Auxiliary Verbs

be, can, have, may, might, must, shall, should, will, would

·         Note that some of auxiliary verbs can be used as main verbs.

The Principal Parts of a Verb

-          Every verb has four principal parts :: the present, the present participle, the past, and the past participle. We use them to make all of a verb’s tenses and forms.

The Four Principal Pars of a Verb
Present	Present Participle	Past	Past Participle
talk	[is] talking	talked	[has] talked
eat	[is] eating	ate	[has] eaten

-          There are two kinds of verbs – regular and irregular.

1.      A regular verbs is a verb that forms its past and past participle by adding –ed or –d to the present. [[Ex. look -> looked]]

2.      Irregular verbs are verbs which the past and past participle are formed in some other way than adding –ed or –d.

[[ rao mai type da whole table of common irregular verbs na .. lazii ]]

Forming Verb Tenses

-          A tense is a verb form that shows the time of an action or a condition.

-          Simple Tenses

·         The present tense shows that an action or a condition

ð  occurs regularly or is generally true

Ex. Good books give us some morals.

ð  is occurring in the present

Ex. I have the new book by .. MeMian =P

ð  occurs regularly

Ex. Every night, I read my own review sheet.

·         The past tense shows that an action or a condition occurred in the past

Ex. Oranas got full score in the test last week.

·         The future tense shows that an action or a condition will occur in the future

Ex. Everyone will get a very good score in this exam =]

-          Prefect Tenses

·         The present prefect tense shows that an action or a condition

ð  was completed at one or more indefinite times in the past

Ex. Chatrinya has typed several RS under the pen name of MeMiann*

ð  began in the past and continues in the present

Ex. She has done more than 50 RS since last year.

·         The past perfect tense shows that an action or a condition in the past preceded another past action or conditions

ð  Ex. MeMian had typed 5 RS that were used by Ma’am Bonnie in the test.

·         The future perfect tense shows that an action or a condition in the future will precede another future action or condition.

ð  Ex. By next year, I will have done more than 150 RS !!

Using Verb Tenses

-          About the Present

·         Simple present = shows an action/a condition that is continuously true

·         Present progressive = shows action that is now in progress

·         Present perfect = shows an action/a condition that began in the past and continues into the present

·         Present perfect progressive = shows an action that began in the past and is still in progress

-           About the Past

·         Simple past = shows actions that were completed in the past

·         Past progressive = shows actions the continued over time in the past

·         Past perfect = shows an action in the past that came before other actions in the past

·         Past perfect progressive = shows an action that was in progress in the past when another action happened

-          About the Future

·         Simple future = shows a condition that will occur in the future

·         Future progressive = shows an action that will be in progress in the future

·         Future perfect = shows an action in the future that will occur before another action

·         Future perfect progressive = shows an action in a progress in the future when another action will happen

Shifts in Tense

-          Some situations require us to shift tenses within a sentence [[use different tense in one sentence a -__-]]

·         Ex. MeMi was typing review sheet about grammar when someone called her to ask about the homework.

Active and Passive Voice

-          When a verb’s subject performs the action expressed by the verb, the verb is in the active voice.

·         Ex. A group of 22 students took the exam.

-          When a verb’s subject receives the action expressed by the verb, the verb is in the passive voice.

·         Ex. The exam was taken by a group of 22 students.

The Mood of a Verb

-          The mood of a verb conveys the status of the action or condition it describes.

1.      Indicative mood = use to make statements and ask questions

ð  Ex. I like to eat chocolate.

     Why is chocolate so yum ?

2.      Imperative mood = use to make a request or give a command

[[subject you is usually omitted]]

ð  Ex. Be quiet

      Stop asking me tingtong questions.

3.      Subjunctive mood = use to express a wish or state a condition that is contrary to fact. It’s also used in sentences that give a command or make a request.

ð  Ex. I wish I were you, so that I don’t have to do any RS !!

      The school requires that students be in the homeroom by 7 A.M.

Tenses

There are four main kinds of tenses ::

1.      Simple

2.      Continuous [[progressive]]

3.      Perfect

4.      Perfect continuous

S i m p l e

1.1  Present Simple

-          Shows an action or a condition that is regularly/continuously true.

-          Shows an action or a condition is occurring in the present.

-          Represent facts.

1.2  Past Simple

-          Shows actions that were completed in the past.

-          Can be use to talk politely [[like … could you tell me what time is it?]] or when you’re not sure about sth [[I might go thereee]]

1.3  Future Simple

-          Shows a condition that will occur in the future,

-          Can be used with both ‘will’ and ‘going to’

Structure for Simple Tenses
Present Simple	Past Simple	Future Simple
Subject + Verb1	Subject + Verb2	Subject + will + V[infinitive]
I am MeMian.	I went to Japan 3 years ago.	I will make some hot cocoa.

Differences between ….
Past Simple Tense	Present Simple Tense
1.      Talks about older things, older time… further in time	1.      Talks about present things, present time…nearer in time
2.      Further in certainty … not sure and not confident about sth	2.    Nearer in certainty … sure and  confident about sth
3.      Further in relationship .. more polite and gentle	3.    Nearer in relationship .. less polite

C o n t i n u o u s [[progressive]]

-          Rules for all continuous tenses are …

·         Temporary

ð  It’s not going to last for a long time or forever

·         Duration

ð  It takes time to progress the action

·         Unfinished

ð  Still progressing in a particular time

2.1  Present Continuous [[Present progressive]]

-          Shows action that is now in progress.

2.2  Past Continuous [[Past progressive]]

-          Shows actions that continued over time in the past.

2.3  Future Continuous [[Future progressive]]

-          Shows an action in the future that will be in progress in the future.

Structure for Continuous Tenses
Present Continuous	Past Continuous	Future Continuous
Subject + is/am/are + Verb-ing	Subject + was/were + Verb-ing	Subject + will + be + V-ing
MeMian is doing review sheet.	I was eating when my mom arrived home.	I will be working about Poem thingy next Saturday - -*

= The differences between simple and continuous tense =

·          Simple tenses are like photographs that are already complete in themselves, if you take a look at it for only one time, you know what happens.

·         Continuous tenses are like movie that you need to take time to watch it scene by scene so that you know what happens.=

P e r f e c t

-          Perfect tenses talk about things that we’ve already done it before and have an effect on a particular time that we’re talking about [[have an effect on time of reference]].

3.1    Present Perfect

-          Shows an action or a condition that began in the past and continues into [[or have an effect on]] the present.

-          Ex. I have lost my locker key. [[I lost it and now i still can’t find it]]

3.2    Past Perfect

-          Shows an action in the past that came before other actions in the past.

-          Ex. I had visited my friend before I went home [[I already finished visiting my friend]]

3.3    Future Perfect

-          Shows an action in the future that will occur before another action.

-          Ex. By next month, I will have been at EIS for two years. [[I’m at EIS and I was at EIS before but next month, which is the time of reference, I’ll be here for two years already]]

Structure for Perfect Tenses
Present Perfect	Past Perfect	Future Perfect
Subject + has/have + Verb3	Subject + had + Verb3	Subject + will + V[infinitive]
I have just finished my review sheet and I’m so tired -__-.	I had finished my review sheet before I ate dinner.	I will have finished Ma’am Esther homework by this Sunday.

P e r f e c t   C o n t i n u o u s [[or perfect progressive]]

-          Just combine da perfect and continuous thingy together TOT !!

4.1    Present Perfect Continuous [[Present perfect progressive]]

-          Shows an action that began in the past and is still in progress.

-          Ex. I have been doing grammar review sheet since 4.30 PM. [[It’s not finish yet … I was doing it from the past, now I’m still doing it, and may be I need to continue doing it - -*]]

4.2    Past Perfect Continuous [[Past perfect progressive]]

-          Shows an action that was in progress in the past when another action happened.

-          Ex. MeMian and Hunter had been fighting when I saw them [[when I saw them, they didn’t stop fighting yet .. they were still fighting and continued to fight]]

4.3    Future Perfect Continuous [[Future perfect progressive]]

-          Shows an action in progress in the future when another action will happen.

-          Ex. By the end of the year, I will have been doing RS for 2 years. [[I continued to do RS from the past and now … even though it’s already 2 years but I’m not going to stop doing it.]]

Structure for Perfect Continuous Tenses
Present Perfect Continuous	Past Perfect Continuous	Future Perfect Continuous
Subject + has/have + been + V-ing	Subject + had + been + V-ing	Subject + will + have + been + V-ing
I have been waiting for her call since yesterday.	I had been eating since 2 o’clock. When my friends came at 3 o’clock, I was still eating.	I will have been studying grammar for 3 hours by the time mama get home tonight.

Active and Passive Voice

-          When a verb’s subject performs the action expressed by the verb, the verb is in the active voice.

·         Ex. A group of 22 students took the exam.

-          When a verb’s subject receives the action expressed by the verb, the verb is in the passive voice.

·         Ex. The exam was taken by a group of 22 students.

Common Irregular Verbs
Present	Past	Past Participle
Arise	Arose	[has] arisen
Is/am/are	Was/were	[has] been
Bend	Bent	[has] bent
Bet	Bet	[has] bet
Blind	Bound	[has] bound
Bite	Bit	[has] bitten
Bleed	Bled	[has] bled
Cling	Clung	[has] clung
Cost	Cost	[has] cost
Creep	Crept	[has] crept
Deal	Dealt	[has] dealt
Draw	Drew	[has] drawn
Fight	Fought	[has] fought
Fit	Fit	[has] fit
Flee	Fled	[has] fled
Forbid	Forbade	[has] forbidden
Forsake	Forsook	[has] forsaken
Foretell	Foretold	[has] foretold
Hide	Hid	[has] hidden
Hurt	Hurt	[has] hurt
Lay	Laid	[has] laid
Lead	Led	[has] led
Let	Let	[has] let
Lie	Lay	[has] lain
Light	Lit	[has] lit
Mean	Meant	[has] meant
Quit	Quit	[has] quit
Rise	Rose	[has] risen
Seek	Sought	[has] sought
Shake	Shook	[has] shaken
Sling	Slung	[has] slung
Spread	Spread	[has] spread
Stick	Stuck	[has] stuck
Strive	Strove	[has] striven
Swear	Swore	[has] sworn
Sweep	Swept	[has] swept
Tear	Tore	[has] torn

Summarize of all the tenses [[IN THAI !!]]

1. Present Simple :: S + V1

·         พูดถึง Fact หรือข้อเท็จจริง ‘ที่เห็นและเป็นอยู่’

ð  ที่ผู้พูดรู้สึกว่า ... เป็นเรื่องสดใหม่ใกล้ตัว ,, มีความชัวร์สูง ,,

                      และความสัมพันธ์ใกล้ชิดสนิทเป็นกันเอง

2. Past Simple :: S + V2

·         พูดถึง Fact หรือข้อเท็จจริง ‘ที่ห่างไกล’

ð  ที่ผู้พูดรู้สึกว่า  ... เป็นเรื่องในอดีตที่ห่างไกล ,,  ไม่ค่อยชัวร์เท่าไหร่ ,,

                        และวาจาที่ใช้จะสุภาพอ่อนโยน

3. Future Simple :: S + will + V [[infinitive]

ð  พูดถึงสิ่งที่จะทำหรือจะเกิดในอนาคต [[มักไม่ได้วางแผนไว้]]

4. Present Continuous :: S + is/am/are + V-ing

·         พูดถึงเหตุการณ์ที่มีลักษณะเป็นเรื่องชั่วคราว

ð  มีช่วงระยะเวลา และยังไม่สิ้นสุดลง ณ เวลาในปัจจุบัน

5. Past Continuous :: S + was-were + V-ing

·         พูดถึงเหตุการณ์ที่มีลักษณะเป็นเรื่องชั่วคราว

ð  มีช่วงระยะเวลา และยังไม่สิ้นสุดลง ณ เวลาที่อ้างถึงในอดีต ‘ตอนนั้น’

6. Future Continuous :: S + will + be + V-ing

·         พูดถึงเหตุการณ์ที่มีลักษณะเป็นเรื่องชั่วคราว

ð  มีช่วงระยะเวลา และยังไม่สิ้นสุดลง ณ เวลาที่อ้างถึงในอนาคต

7. Present Perfect :: S + has/have + V3

·         เป็นการมองย้อนหลังกลับไปในอดีตจากเวลา ณ ปัจจุบัน

ð  และการกระทำหรือเหตุการณ์นั้นจะต้องเกี่ยวกับปัจจุบันเสมอไม่ทางใดก็ทางหนึ่ง ((อาจจะเป็นด้านความรู้สึก หรือ บลา บลา ไรก็ว่าไป))

8. Past Perfect :: S + had + V3

·         เป็นการมองย้อนหลังกลับไปยังเวลาก่อนหน้านั้นจากเวลาที่อ้างถึง ณ จุดใดจุดหนึ่งในอดีค ‘ตอนนั้น’

ð  และการกระทำหรือเหตุการณ์นั้นจะต้องเกี่ยวกับจุดเวลาที่อ้างถึงเสมอไม่ทางใดก็ทางหนึ่ง

9. Future Perfect :: S + will + have + V3

·         เป็นการมองย้อนหลังกลับไปยังเวลาก่อนหน้านี้ โดยมองจากจุดเวลาที่อ้างถึง ณ จุดใดจุดหนึ่งในอนาคต ((งงมั๊ยยย =[]= ??))

ð  และการกระทำหรือเหตุการณ์นั้นจะต้องเกี่ยวกับเวลาที่อ้างถึงเสมอไม่ทางใดก็ทางหนึ่ง

10. Perfect Continuous :: S + has/have + been + V-ing

·         เป็นการมองย้อนหลังกลับไปในอดีตจากเวลา ณ ปัจจุบัน

ð  และการกระทำหรือเหตุการณ์นั้นจะต้องเกี่ยวกับปัจจุบันเสมอไม่ทางใดก็ทางหนึ่ง

ð  และมันต้องเป็นเรื่องชั่วคราว มีช่วงระยะเวลา และ ยังไม่สิ้นสุดลง

11. Past Perfect Continuous :: S + had + been + V-ing

·         เป็นการมองย้อนหลังกลับไปในเวลาก่อนหน้าโดยมองจากเวลา ณ จุดใดจุดหนึ่งในอดีต ‘ตอนนั้น’

ð  การกระทำหรือเหตุการณ์นั้นจะต้องเกี่ยวกับเวลาที่อ้างถึงในอดีตเสมอไม่ทางใดก็ทางหนึ่ง

ð  มันต้องเป็นเรื่องชั่วคราว มีช่วงระยะเวลา และ ยังไม่สิ้นสุดลง ในตอนนั้น

12. Future Perfect Continuous :: S + will + have + been + V-ing

·         เป็นการมองย้อนหลังกลับไปในเวลาก่อนหน้าโดยมองจุดเวลาที่อ้างถึง ณ จุดใดจุดหนึ่งในอนาคต

ð  การกระทำหรือเหตุการณ์นั้นจะต้องเกี่ยวกับเวลาที่อ้างถึงในอนาคตเสมอไม่ทางใดก็ทางหนึ่ง

ð  มันต้องเป็นเรื่องชั่วคราว มีช่วงระยะเวลา และ ยังไม่สิ้นสุดลง ณ จุดเวลาที่อ้างถึงในอนาคต

Modal verb [[Auxiliaries]]

Modal Verbs are auxiliary or helping verbs.  They are always followed by other words verbs because they cannot stand on their own.

Modals	Usage
May/Might	-     To form a polite request -     To express formal permission -     To show possibility -     To show purpose or concession -     To express a wish -     “May” or “not” are used to indicate prohibition -     Might = suggestion/request & conditional
Can/Could	-     To replace “may” and “might” in expressing permission in less formal situations -     To express the ability to do some thing -     To express possibility -     To indicate negative deduction, when used with “not” -     Can = opportunity, permission, request -     Could = suggestion, contradiction, polite question
Shall/Should	-     To express future tense for “I” and “we” -     To show condition -     To ask for advice in the interrogative form -     To show promise, determination, threat, or regulation -     To express obligation or duty -     To show that an action was not done, when used with “have” -     Shall = promise, suggestion, predestination, inevitability -     Should = expectation, obligation, recommendation, advice
Will/Would	-     To indicate the future -     To express a command that is expected to be obeyed -     To show determination when used with the first person -     To show present habits -     To indicate past tense and indirect speech -     To show past habits -     To express a wish -     To show obstinacy or something which the speaker finds annoying -     To express a request or an invitation -     Used in conditional sentences -     Will = promises, prediction, voluntary action -     Would = conditional, repetition
Must	-     To express obligation imposed by the speaker in the simple present tense -     To express a strong possibility or logical deduction -     To express prohibition when used with “not” -     Express certainty/ necessity/ prohibition
Have to	-     To replace “must” when used in the past, future and progressive tenses -     To express obligation imposed by external factors -     Express certainty/ necessity/ obligation
Need	-     To form negative or interrogative sentences -     To indicate unnecessary action when used with “not”
Ought to	-     To show obligation or recommendation -     To advice -     To indicate possibility -     To indicate an unfulfilled obligation when used with the perfect infinitive
Used to	-     To indicate past habits
Dare	-     To express indignation -     To form negative and interrogative sentences

Types of Modal verbs           

Requests: can, could, may, might

Duty/necessity/obligation: need, should, must, ought (to)

Outrage/strong disapproval: dare

Certainty: must

Doubt: need

Question: will, can, need, dare

Ability and capacity: can, could

Habit: used (to), will, would

Assumption/supposition/expectation: should, will, could, might

Possibility/probability: should, can, could, may, might, ought (to)

Permission: can, may

Intention/determination: must, shall, will, would

Advice/suggestion: should, could, might, ought (to)

Adjectives

An adjective modifies or limits the meaning of a noun or pronoun. It tells what kind, which one, how many, or how much.

What kind	Which one	How many	How much
Famous Green Short	This That These	One Three several	Some More less

Forms of adj.

-able               -al                    -an                  -ant                 -ary                 -ate

-ble                 -ed                  -ese                 -en                  -fold                -ful

-ial                   -ic                    -ing                  -ious                -ish                   -ive

-less                 -like                 -ly                    -ous                 -some              -ual                

-wise                -y

Types of adjectives

-          Articles

·         A and an are indefinite articles that refer to one of a general group of people, places, things, or ideas.

·         The is the definite article that usually refers to a specific person, place, thing, or idea.

-          Proper adjectives

·         Formed from proper nouns & are capitalized and often end in –n, -an, -ian,     -ese, and –ish. [[Ex. Portuguese, American, MeMian]]

-          Demonstrative adj. [[this, that, these, those]]

-          Quantitative adj. [[any, more, whole, half, etc.]]

-          Descriptive adj. [[size, type, taste, age, color, etc.]]

-          Possessive adj. [[my, your, his, her, our, our, its, their, etc.]]

-          Interrogative adj. [[who, what, when, where, which, whose, how, how much]]

Basic rules for adj.

1. Adj. modifies nouns
2. Adj. always follows a form of the verb to be when it modifies the noun before verb

ð  Ex. I was happy,, be careful,, they tried to be helpful

3. Adj. always follows a sense verb of appearance [[feel, taste, smell, sound, look, appear, seem]] when it modifies noun before verb

Ex. Her cough sounds bad,, she seems unhappy today

Order of adj.

-          May have two or more Adjs to describe one thing.

-          They can be a phrase after noun or ….

-          They can also be word before noun

Overall condition	Explains what you think about sth
Size	Tells you how big or small sth is
Shape	Describes the shape of sth
Age	Tells you how young or old sth or someone is
Color	Describes the color of sth
Origin	Describes where sth comes from
Material	Describes what sth is made from
Purpose	Describes what sth is used for [[often end with –ing]]

Ex. This is a beautiful, tiny, young, round[=[]=], white, Japanese, medal, dancing cat-robot.

Adverbs

An adverb modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. It tells where, when, how, and to what extent.

-          An intensifier is an adverb that defines the degree of an adj. or another adverb

·         Ex. This test is extremely hard, I really want to stop doing it -__-

Formation of adv.

Suffix :: -y :: slowly

            -ly :: usually

            -ally :: occasionally

            -ways :: always

            -wards :: backwards

            -wise  :: likewise

Basic rules for adv.

1. Adv. often end with –ly
2. Adv. are often used at the end of a sentence to modify the verb.
3. Adv. are used to modify adj. and other verbs

Types of Adv.
Adv. of place	Tell where	There, somewhere
Adv. of time	Tell when	Later, soon, now
Adv. of manner	Tell how	Rudely, happily, slowly
Adv. of degree	Tell extent and degree	So, extremely, too
Adv. of frequency	Tell how often	Seldom, never, often
Adv. of interrogation	Ask question	Why, when
Adv. of negation/affirmation [[certainty]]	Whether  or not	Certainly, definitely

Ps. sorry na this is all I know jing jing TT^TT

If I made some mistakes kor sry mak mak ,, anddd

I can’t make it short wa 555+ [[too lazii to proofread laeww~]]

BEST OF LUCK IN GRAMMAR EXAM =]


download link~
http://upload.one2car.com/download.aspx?pku=258B520E5DHDT3PAB26PM3VOBDVK38

JUST SAY "THANKS"


for people who wanna read MORE about adj and adv.
http://owl.english.purdue.edu/handouts/esl/esladjadv.html
http://www.fortunecity.com/bally/durrus/153/gramch25.html